In an age where superstition was a respected and integral part of daily life, carving an Apotropaic or ‘Witch’ marking into your house was an effective solution to the problem of evil incursions. Without this symbolic protection, malign spirits might otherwise sneak into your home and wreak havoc. To 17th century Britain, nothing could be more terrifying. Save, perhaps, smallpox or the loss of a favourite ruff! Once located and classified, these mysterious marks gift greater understanding of our beloved old buildings and those who lived within. However, they are easy to miss and are often mistaken for craftsmen’s marks or symptoms of wear and tear.
Easiest to spot by merit of its distinctive shape and relative popularity, the Daisy Wheel is a great Apotropaic mark to look out for. Indeed, an example can be found carved into Salisbury cathedral and can be easily discovered during a visit. Formed of a six petalled flower enclosed in a circle, spirits follow the carved line and discover themselves travelling infinitely in a holy trap. This mark can be further simplified into a series of concentric marks, as seen at a past project and pictured above. Carved into brick, these circles no doubt provided quite the terrifying trap for any prospective demons!
Less immediately apparent is the double V shape, often mistaken for simple graffiti and vice versa due to its ambiguous nature. Relating to the ‘Virgo Virginium’ or Virgin of Virgins, these interlocked Vs call upon the Virgin Mary for protection. However, not any W shape ought to be taken as holding greater meaning than immediately apparent. Context, such as placement, is key. There was fear of spirits and demons entering “by any opening by which air may enter” - in with the draft, riding the wind on a blustery day. Thus, apotropaic marks occur most frequently by openings such as windows, doors and fireplaces. Bearing this in mind, previously disregarded double V carvings are worth further inspection.
However, it is not the W carvings that are most overlooked but rather taper burn marks - adorning structural timbers in a home near you! Often taken for commonly occurring wear and tear, these burns are actually incredibly intentional and arguably rooted in something deep within the human experience. In an idea of appeasement to higher power, candles were held up to burn a small piece of the building voluntarily. This gift of a tear drop shaped burn prevented any further, uncontrolled flames. Burnt offerings on a domestic scale has been a longstanding method of worship and what are these taper marks if not a continuation of human tradition, not bound by any set religion or culture?
Apotropaic markings – an exciting layer to the history of any building and a compelling statement of some unchanging parts to human nature. Who among us has not feared the worst happening, has not looked to home for safety in this sometimes hostile world? As our ancestors did, we do too. Though different language may be used, different approaches taken, the base feelings have not changed. These markings are an enduring connection to those who dwelled there long before us and whose mark will be left long after.
